Interview with Nurse Manager Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Interview with Nurse Manager - Essay Example For example, the interviewee revealed that evidence based care enhances patient care, improves outcome, provide sufficient evidence for clinical, administrative and educational decision-making processes. Because of improved health care, the patients have been able to save significant cost that could purchase medication. Evidence based practice is known to consider the influences, whether external or internal, on the nursing practice and implores critical thinking during its application. Practitioners who utilize the evidence gathered can accurately judge and diagnose a patient. The process improves the quality of health care offered to the patients (Mantzoukas, 2007). The interview involved answering preset questions that focused on assessing the willingness of nurses in applying evidence-based practice. After vigorous consultations with the Hospital Review Board, permission was granted to the manager nurse and the selected nurse to participate in the interview. The first contact with the nurse was made during her weekly staff meetings. In this meeting, the institution review board’s permission was conveyed to the manager nurse to facilitate the interview. The privacy of the participating nurse was protected throughout the duration of the interview. Evidence based practice was designed to provide the health practitioners with numerous relevant information that would enable them make effective clinical decisions since its inception. The approach was beneficial because it allowed the discarding of the previously adhered traditional practice with an aim of improving the quality of clinical services. Due to the rising numbers of nurses in the decision making process, it is critical for them to access and utilize evidence in the provision of care. The interview reveled that nurses are the predominant health care providers in numerous health facilities. It is

Argument against Hiring and College-Admissions Quotas Essay

Argument against Hiring and College-Admissions Quotas - Essay Example This paper will present an argument against airing and college-admissions quotas. Additionally, it will show that using racial quotas in admitting students in colleges and either hiring or promoting employees in an organization is intuitive and substantial. A. To the government Quotas are simply numerical requirements commonly applied when hiring an employee in a company, promoting someone within an education or working center, and/or graduating members of a specific racial cluster to another level (Gildenhuys, 2004). In some cases, it is seeable that some people discriminate against others mainly due to their racial complexity. This aspect hampers growth and interaction from many angles. For example, one may fail to enter a certain college simply because he or she comes from a certain minority group. Such an act promotes racial discrimination, which is an issue that the whole universe has been fighting for many decades (Gildenhuys, 2004). In hiring, quotas are a very significant fac tor to consider since they provide a basis for selecting and thereafter hiring individuals from every social, racial, and/or economic background (Mwakikagile, 2006). Agreeably, some communities color pigmentation fails to accord them certain privileges. Some colleges and organizations do not hire, admit, or promote people of a certain color such as the blacks or Indians (Lindsay & Justiz, 2004). Some cases of racial discrimination show that there are colleges where students of Indian or black decency do not get admission whereas there are some companies that cannot hire or promote such people. People from these minority groups may possess special abilities or knowledge that...   Quotas are simply numerical requirements commonly applied when hiring an employee in a company, promoting someone within an education or working center, and/or graduating members of a specific racial cluster to another level (Gildenhuys, 2004). In some cases, it is seeable that some people discriminate against others mainly due to their racial complexity. This aspect hampers growth and interaction from many angles. For example, one may fail to enter a certain college simply because he or she comes from a certain minority group. Such an act promotes racial discrimination, which is an issue that the whole universe has been fighting for many decades (Gildenhuys, 2004). In hiring, quotas are a very significant factor to consider since they provide a basis for selecting and thereafter hiring individuals from every social, racial, and/or economic background (Mwakikagile, 2006). Agreeably, some communities color pigmentation fails to accord them certain privileges. Some colleges and org anizations do not hire, admit, or promote people of a certain color such as the blacks or Indians (Lindsay & Justiz, 2004). Some cases of racial discrimination show that there are colleges where students of Indian or black decency do not get admission whereas there are some companies that cannot hire or promote such people. People from these minority groups may possess special abilities or knowledge that they can offer and make their respective organizations gain more advantages over the others.  

Healthcare Information Management Personal Statement

Healthcare Information Management - Personal Statement Example are record system has proven to be a better means of documenting medical records and this is the reason that I am interested in using this method in documenting the medical records of patients. I am sure that the proper utilization of the electronic medical records system would help have an easy and fast access to the medical information of my clients and this means that less time would be spent on data retrieval. The electronic healthcare record system has not only revived the medical practice, but it has also revitalized the medical practitioners themselves. This technological innovation would guarantee reduced clinical, medical and prescription errors, thus departing from the age of paper healthcare records, where errors are too many. This has further influenced my decision to work in the healthcare information field using this great technological advancement. The primary job of a medical practitioner is to cater for the needs of their patients and meet their expectations in terms of qualitative healthcare. The electronic system would not only give me a satisfactory level of job satisfaction, but it would also give me the opportunity to meet the expectations of my clients in terms of healthcare delivery and services. This great innovation would not only save the time of doctors, but it would also save the time of the patients. This is another reason that I would like to work in this field using the electronic healthcare record

Economics term paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Economics - Term Paper Example 44 Allied nations from 1 July to 22 July 1944 to sign agreements for the establishment of International Bank for Reconstruction (IBRD, the World Bank), the International Trade Organization (ITO), and the International Monetary Fund (IMF). A system of exchange rate management was deployed, which was working till 1970. Currency conversion was mandatory by the member countries of the agreement, which became functional only in 1959, culminating in the setting of IMF and IBRD. As per the agreement, the member nations needed to consult one anther to reach a unilateral decision on global monetary developments, impacting the economies of all nations. The purpose behind the creation of IBRD was to take quick action for post-war reconstruction, to reach political stability, and promote peace through making of programs for reconstruction and development . Thus, the major industrial nations of the world came closer by framing rules for introducing a system of monetary functions of businesses among the allied powers of the World War II. By 1945, the IBRD an associate of World Bank Group currently and IMF started functioning after the ratification of the agreement by a good number of member countries. As per the agreement, in each member country’s monetary policy it was mandatory to maintain the exchange rate of its currency around a fixed value with the flexibility of 1 percent up or down against gold. It was essential to clear the imbalances in payments by the IMF. The system couldn’t work beyond 1971 due to increasing financial glitches and one-sided termination of conversion of dollar into gold by the United States. This action of the United States created furors in the international economy, and a new situation surfaced making the dollar â€Å"reserve currency† for the member nations that signed the agreement . The worldwide depression of

Intention to Leave Among Private Sectors Workers in Malaysia Essay Example for Free

Intention to Leave Among Private Sectors Workers in Malaysia Essay Although, there is no standard framework for understanding the employees turnover process as whole, a wide range of factors have been found to be useful in interpreting employee turnover (Kevin MM, 2004). High turnover rate at any organizations levels constitutes a waste of human resources (Newstorm, 1994). Manager of Human Resource Department need to pay more attention regarding this issues. They need to identify the main sources of employee turnover; is it because of the company’s management or the workers itself. Private sector workers change their job more frequent as compared to government servants. Job nature and working environment plays an important role in influencing employee’s intention to leave. Currently there are numbers of studies looking at the relationship between turnover intention and job satisfaction. However the findings are different between each other’s. So we tend to investigate what actually influence people intention to leave the organization. Instead to identify the relationship between job satisfaction with intention to leave we also investigate is there any relationships between demographic factors (age, year of service and education level) towards intention to leave. The main objective of this study is to examine the factors associated with intention to leave among private sector workers. The primary focus of this study is to identify the major factors related with the intention to leave. The factors may help the Human Resource Department to solve this employer issues by making some changes or improvement in the organization. In other point, this research can be used by others researcher in order to investigate this problem. Human Resource Department also can have the information regarding on what workers want totally. So, HR Department may choose the best strategies or solutions in order to reduce workers turnover rate. 1. 2 Problem Statement In the era of globalization, turnover is a persistent problem in organizations and it is common in every type and size of organization and at every organizational level. Staff turnover is a serious issue especially in the field of human resources management. It is very costly for an organizational and the cost is due to termination, advertising, recruitment, selection, and hiring (Abbasi, Hollman, K. W. , amp; Hayes, R. D. , 2008). It is simply said that the level of job satisfaction of an employee could decline when his or her colleague left the company. This is true because the remaining employees may have to take over the job responsibilities of the previous worker in the case that the management has not find any replacement yet. The workload could be doubled; the stress level might increase thus affecting health conditions and also job performance. It is widely believe that in today’s working environment, job satisfaction has been the main factor to retain employees from leaving an organization. Many research also found that when job satisfaction is achieved by each employees, it could increase the level of job commitment towards task given or in other words; reduce the number of intention to leave among workers. To find out whether it is true that job satisfaction has significant effect on intention to leave among private sector workers, questionnaires has been distributed to ask the respondents how they feel working with the current organization. The elements that we tried to focus on are towards job challenge, supervision, income, and promotion. Besides that we would like to see how demographic factors such as age, year of services and educational level could influence one’s decision to quit a job. 1. 3 Research Questions There are many studies on the relationship between turnover intention and job satisfaction but the results are difference between each other’s. So we tend to investigate what actually influence people intention to leave the organization frequently. The research question for this study has been identified as follows: 1. Do job satisfaction factors have relationship with intention to leave? 2. Do demographic factors (age, year of service and education level) have relationship with intention to leave? 3. Which variables (Job Challenge, Supervision, Income or Promotion) are the strongest factors that might influence intentions to leave? 1. 4 Research Objectives The main objective of this study is to examine the factors associated with intention to leave among private sector workers. Generally this study is intended to measure whether job satisfaction is related to intention to leave. Therefore in order to answer the research question above, the following research objectives were formulated. 1. To identify the relationship between job satisfaction and intention to leave among private sector workers. 2. Do demographic factors (age, years of service and education level have relationships with intention to leave. 3. Which variables strongly related with intention to leave? 1. 5 Significance of Study The primary focus of this study is to identify the major factors related with the intention to leave. The factors may help the Human Resource Department to solve this employer issues by making some changes or improvement of the organization. In other point, this research can be used by others researcher in order to investigate this problem. Human Resource Department also can have the information regarding on what workers want totally. So, HR Department may choose the best strategies or solutions in order to reduce workers turnover rate. 1. 6 Definition of Terms 1. 6. 1 Job Satisfaction According to (Graham, 1982) job satisfaction is a measurement of one’s total feelings and attitudes towards one’s job. Job satisfaction is the main predictor of turnover intention (Milkovich amp; Boudreau, 1997). While (Hoppock, 1935) defined job satisfactions as a combination of psychological, physiological and environmental circumstances. Job satisfaction is attributed not only to one but many factors and varies in its impact on individuals’ satisfaction with life because work varies in importance from individual to individual (Nash, 1985). (Wong, 1989) Who did a research on impact of job satisfaction on intention to change jobs among secondary school teachers in Hong Kong. (Wong, 1989) Find that when the teachers’ have low job satisfaction then they will have low commitment and productivity. So, before the things become worse, Human Resource Manager needs to overcome this situation to prevent company loss. They should alert as one of the major company’s success come from employees. 1. 6. 2 Intention to Leave According to (Noor amp; Maad, 2008) intentions to leave are positively related with actual leaving. Intention can be defines as the most immediate determinants of actual behavior and practical value as one people have actually implemented the behavior to quit (Ajzen amp; Fishbein, 1980). Intention to leave the organization has been studied over several decades which in turn contributed to the findings of the positive and negative aspects of turnover (Mossholder, Bedeian, Norris, Giles, amp; Feild, 1988). Managers and researchers consider turnover as a problem because of costs associated with it (Noor amp; Maad, 2008) and difficulties that organizations face in the recruitment and retention of proficient employees (Villanueva amp; Djurkovic, 2009) and (Igbaria amp; Greenhaus, 1992). CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2. 0 Introduction Recent research identifies a number of factors that increase the vulnerability of the young, adolescent girls in particular, including orphan hood, migration, forced sexual initiation, and the effects of residence. . 1 Turnover Intention A turnover intention is defined as employees to leave the organization voluntarily without being force by the management. According to (Liu, Liu, J. X. , amp; Hu, J. , 2010), reputation on organization might reduce and damage when their turnover rate is shown upward rate beside that the cost for recruiting a new employee will involve cost to the organization and company expenses also increase. Besides that, cost of employees tu rnover are hard to measure but can be control by organization. In addition, higher rate of turnover will cause the organization lose the high degree of knowledge, skill and abilities. In addition, turnover intention is a problem that needs to be solved by human resources and organization management. The organization need to solve the problem of turnover as soon as possible because it may diminishes the organization knowledge capital and weakens its reputation. The better the person fit the organization will lead to higher satisfaction, the organizational commitment and rate of turnover intention will be lower. 2. 1. 1 Relationship between job satisfaction with intention to leave Different individual will have different job satisfaction of needs in their life. Job satisfaction can be described as to what extent to which people or individuals satisfaction or dissatisfaction in their job. Job satisfaction is a general or global affective reaction that individual hold about their jobs. Job satisfaction among workers can be increase and creates by the organization. Job satisfaction facets may be including co-workers, salary, job condition, supervision, nature of the work and can be benefit that the employee received during their operation. According to research done by (Saari amp; Judge, 2004) shown that dissatisfied employees are more likely to quit their job or be absent compare than satisfaction employees. Job satisfaction will influence the performance of the employees in the organization. Most of the dissatisfaction employees tend to shown withdrawal behavior such as lateness, absenteeism, moving to other department and worst they will turnover or make a decision to retire. In addition, the research suggests that job satisfaction does effect life satisfaction but life satisfaction also effects job satisfaction (Judge amp; Watanabe, 1994). Consistent relationship between job satisfactions with depression and influence the employees to let go the job. This research also concludes that organization had so much control on creating and increasing the job satisfaction among their employees. This is because job satisfaction is only a result of spillover of their life satisfaction but if the company less pay attention on low job satisfaction, the organization can see the effectiveness of job performance of the employees reduce and the lead to absent and quitting the job. Intention to leaving the organization is an emotional state and designated as the degree of likelihood an employee will remain employed with an organization (Currivan, 1999). The research is on intention to leave by employees analyzed that there is a causal relationship between job satisfaction and employee turnover and found an inverse relationship. In addition, a studies by (Joel, 2004) found that they is a relationship between job satisfactions with intention to leave but this is not a strong affect as economic condition reasons. Besides that, job satisfaction is a positive or negative attitude the employee has toward his or job or some specific aspect of the job. It is can be consider as internal state of mind of an individual. If the feeling of job satisfaction is positive or the respond is active, then the member is satisfied and vice versa ( Ying, Ching amp; Rong, 2009). Other research from (Pascal, 2011), shown that Job satisfaction fully mediated the relationship between perceived stressful work and intention to leave the employer. The results highlight the importance of employee job satisfaction in stressful environments. . 1. 2 Relationship between demographic factor with intention to leave In this study, we would like to determine relationship between demographic factors such as year of service, education level, age, and years of services and so on toward intention to leave the job. A research done by (Samad, 2006) founded that age, income and tenure of services by employees had a negative effect on turnover intention by employees. Empirical studies indicate that demographic variables are relevant with turnover intentions (William amp; Hazer, 1986). Age, income and tenure are identified as negatively related to turnover intentions although the effects of employee demographic variables on turnover intentions may differ in different international environment, empirical research in international context including in Malaysia is scanty. Some studies have found no significant relationship between gender and correctional turnover for example (Byrd, 2000). However, (Camp, 1994) found that female federal correctional employees were more likely to quit than were male staffs. This research was done for US employees. Furthermore, research done by (Eric, 2006) found that female employees had higher rate of intention to leave the organization compare than male employees. In contrast, research done by Aaron (1999) found that there is a weak relationship between tenure of service with intention to leave the organization. He found that, longer tenure of services of employees will get respect by others employees and normally known is senior but due to age and condition their intention to leave is low. CHAPTER 3 RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHOD 3. 0 Introduction The purpose of this chapter is to describe the research design and methodology used in this research. We will outline the research framework to provide a better understanding towards how the research is done and how the data is being analyzed. 4. 1 Research Framework and Hypotheses This research looks at the cause and effect of job satisfaction on intention to leave between employees in private organizations. Basically four criteria has been define to be the independent variables in this study; Job Challenge, Supervision, Income and Promotion. The second independent variable that has been concerned is the demographic characteristics which include age, year of services and education level of selected respondents. The dependent variables in this study would be employees’ intention to leave. This can be drawn as per Figure 1 below: INDEPENDENT VARIABLES Job Satisfaction * Job Challenge * Supervision * Income * Promotion * DEPENDENT VARIABLES Intention to Leave Demographic Characteristics * Age * Year of Services * Education Level Figure 1: Research Framework 3. 2 Hypothesis Statement Based on previous study, in order to explain the concept of these research three hypotheses has been outlined to be the antecedent of the statement: H1: There is significant relationship between job satisfaction and intention to leave H2: There is significant relationship between demographic factors and intention to leave H3: There is significant influence of job satisfaction factors to intention to leave H4: There is significant influence of demographic factors to intention to leave 3. 3 Research Design This research is intended to lo look at the relationship between Job Satisfaction and the Intention to leave by private sector workers.

Developments of Stem Cell Technology

Developments of Stem Cell Technology The research of embryonic stem cell is classified under the study of biotechnology, which is one of the most recognized areas of research by the public, as well as one that have the potentials of benefited from the completion of the research7. The embryonic stem cells are the absolute base form of all cells that is within a human, they are frequently known for two of their main characteristics. One is the ability to self-renew though a long period of time while remain non-specialised, and the other main characteristic is the stem cells ability to differentiate and give rise to any specialised cell3. Because of these characteristics, it brings hope to cure diseases that were not possible before, by replacing the damaged cell with a new one that is being derive from a stem cell. Neurodegenerative diseases are a prime example where scientists believe that stem cells are the key to treating the disease. However, the research of embryonic stem cells has always being surrounded with contro versy, due to the pro-life movement around the world. This report will be mainly focused on the use of stem cell on treating neurodegenerative diseases, and a general overview of the progress in the research of stem cells. (202 Words) Review The majority of the research done on embryonic stem cells is directed mostly toward medical treatment such as bone narrow transplant, regrowing a new nerve cell to heal Neurodegenerative diseases and more. The researches of stem cell started in the mid eighteen hundreds, when scientists discovered that some cells have the ability to generate into others. But the application of stem cell only start to boom from 1960s, when the human understanding on natural biological systems had increased to the point that it allowed scientists and doctors to do bone marrow transfers between two humans which resulted in curing a patient with severe combined immunodeficiency in 1968. This is the reason that stem cell research attracted attention from the public, due to the possibilities of curing several different types of diseases or healing damages that were beyond humans natural healing ability. Stem cells are the fundamental cells of all the different types of cells that are in a human body. It has the ability to renew itself, under the correct environment and performs obligatory asymmetric replication (see diagram 1 at appendix 1). This, combined with their ability to transform into any specific cell type that can be found in a human body, makes it possible to create new cells to replace those that were damaged by disease or treatment processes. However, the current understanding of the behaviour of stem cells is not enough for scientists and doctors to use them to completely cure a certain disease. Nevertheless, we currently have enough understanding through research, to show that stem cells do have the ability to lessen the symptoms such ailments as Alzhei mers disease. The research into stem cells has potential of curing most of the long-term diseases known to doctors; however the cost of this research is the main reason of controversy. The reason of the controversy around stem cells is focused mainly because embryonic stem cells can only be gathered when an egg is being fertilized. The process of gathering a sample of stem cells started by triggering a human egg that has been left in cryo for more than the legal limit, to grow into an embryo like the normal growth of a child. Afterward, the egg started to grow for five to seven days where the blastocyst started to form along with the inner cell mass. The whole blastocyst is then moved to a specially prepared culturing plate that is covered in a feeder layer, that is designed to support the growth of the stem cell, and chemicals are added to break the blastocyst to allow the inner cell mass to be exposed. From this point on it is merely waiting for the inner cell mass to grow and divide into stem cells that the researcher can use to test in a controlled environment by using different growth factors that will hopefully allow the scientist to map out the reaction of different types of proteins and the chemical environment that would decide the growth path of these stem cells (see diagram at appendix 2). By this point, most biotechnologists require assistance from people in another field, such as chemical engineer, protein specialist and doctors to help culturing or to understand how this stem cell works. These specialist from other field of science, help scientists to understand the growth factor that is involved in the differentiation of the cells. A prime example would be the use of growth factors. Unfortunately this is also where the controversy starts; a lot of people around the world that support pro-life organisations believe that the research of stem cells is immoral; since every embryo that is being used to extract the stem cells have the possibility of becoming a full child, thus the process of extracting the stem cells would destroy the possibility of life. They believe that the same research can be conducted through adult stem cells, or known as somatic stem cells, that can be isolated from bone narrow, or any other cells that have the ability to self repair, without the need of creating a full embryo. While it may be possible to do so, the concentrations of somatic stem cells are extremely hard to isolate and researchers are currently unable to grow them in cultures for further study. However, most scientists believe that while each embryo has the possibility of developing into a child, the long period of cryo that is used to store the egg, is damaging it, to a point that the death rate of the infant will be higher, along with the fact that these cells were originally scheduled to be destroyed, thus it does not make much difference. Therefore, until either the somatic stem cells can be cultured and proven to be as potent as embryonic stem cells, or the latest induced pluripotent stem cells that are created by reprogramming the adult stem cell back into the pluripotent stem cell stage of development. Scientists are stuck on using embryonic stem cells for the majority of the study. (792) Application Case study The advancement in the field of biotechnologys research into stem cells has already started to show results. In the past, diseases such as Alzheimers, which are diseases that cause the degradation of neurons on nerve cells, which were not treatable by doctors before. The most that doctors were able to do was to relieve the pain caused by the disease, they were not able to locate the source of the disease, or how they affected patients. However, since the development of stem cell technology, scientists have regain hope of finding cure or treatment process that can permanent treat these diseases. Using the same system that was originally designed to house the stem cells, they were able to isolate the infected neuron samples that were affected by the diseases, and therefore, were able to devise a treatment or cure for the diseases as they now have a sample with which they can work. Alzheimers disease is one of the most common neuron degradation diseases seen in the world. In America alone, there are at least 5.3 million people that have this disease. Alzheimers disease attacks the nerves and neurons that are in the brain over a long period of time, which slowly causes memory loss, problem solving skills, thinking, to the point that the brain can no longer function properly, leading to death. Alzheimers disease currently has no cure, as the rate that the human body regenerates the brain cells are much slower than the rate of infection. Therefore, theoretically it will be possible to cure Alzheimers if all infected nerve cells could be removed, and replaced with new nerve cells that were derived from the adult stem cell of the patient. This same application can also be used on other diseases such as Parkinsons disease or sport injury that normally requires years of recovery. Based on a published journal in 2009, scientists were able to use bone marrow derived the mesenchymal stem cell to relieve symptoms of Alzheimers on a mice model that have been purposely induced. According to the research journal, when a patient (or mice in their case) that is presented with the disease, the concentration of amyloid-b (Ab) peptides in the form of amyloid plaques in the brain parenchyma increases, which causes neural loss to the patient. Therefore, in a direct treatment the research team injected bone-marrow-derived-mesenchymal stem cells into the brain of the induced mice, the result showed that there is a diminution of amyloid-b by the reactivation of microglia that were re-stimulated by the injection of the stem cells. Thus the research team arrived at the conclusion that BMMSCs can promote reduction of the amyloid-b through the microglial activation in the induced Alzheimers brain, suggesting a potential therapeutic agent against Alzheimers disease. (453) however, in the journal the research team fail to considered the other cause of Alzheimer the neruofibrillary tangles Conclusion In conclusion, it is clear that the development of stem cells is one field of biotechnology that is emerging quickly as the understanding of natural biological systems increase, along with the fact that the diversity of biotechnology is potentially limitless in the field of medical research. For example, during the process of creating a suitable environment for the embryonic stem cells to grow, researchers have accidentally created a solution that can keep donated organs for longer periods of time, allowing a higher chance of success to the transplant surgery after a long period of travel. In the future, once more is understood about stem cells, the whole technology may be advanced enough to reconstruct an entire limb. There remains much controversy around this field, due to the researchers ethical practices, notably, obtaining new stem cells. Referencing Kil Lee, Jong, Hee Kyung Jin, and Jae-sung Bae. Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells reduce brain. Neuroscience Letter 450.2 (2009): 136-41. Web. 31 May 2010. . S. Shihabuddin, Lamya, and Isabelle Aubert. Stem cell transplantation for neurometabolic and neurodegenerative diseases. Neuropharmacology 58. (2010): 845-54. Web. 12 May 2010. . Stem Cell Basics. In Stem Cell Information [World Wide Web site]. Bethesda, MD: National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2009 [cited Wednesday, May 12, 2010]ÂÂ  Available at Unknown, Unknown. What is the history of stem cell research? History of Stem Cell Research. AllAboutPopularIssues.org, 2010. Web. 12 May 2010. . Unknown, Unknown. What is Alzheimer? Alzheimers Association. Alzheimers Association, 06 April 2010. Web. 28 May 2010. . Unknown, Unknown. Stem cell. Stem Cell. AlphaMed Press, 28 May 2010. Web. 12 May 2010. . Keener, Kevin, Thomas Hoban, and Rekha Balasubramanian. BIOTECHNOLOGY and its APPLICATIONS. North Carolina State University. North Carolina State University, 06/03/2010. Web. 12 May 2010. . Lindvall O (2003). Stem cells for cell therapy in Parkinsons disease. Pharmacol Res 47 (4): 279-87. Doi: 10.1016/S1043-6618(03)00037-9. PMIDÂÂ  12644384.ÂÂ   Goldman S, Windrem M (2006). Cell replacement therapy in neurological disease. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 361 (1473): 1463-75. Doi: 10.1098/rstb.2006.1886. PMIDÂÂ  16939969. Unknown, Unknown. Stem Cells and self-Renewal. isscr. ISSCR, 2010. Web. 28 May 2010. www.isscr.org/public/SC_self-renewal.pdf Unknown, Unknown. Neurofibrillary Tangles. Department of Pathology. University of Oklahoma, 2010. Web. 30 May 2010. .

Essay on Nonsense Language in Carrolls Jabberwocky -- Carroll Jabberw

The Importance of Nonsense Language and Sounds in Carroll's Jabberwocky  Ã‚      "Wn a bby fst ts 2 kmnikt the wrds snd gibberish. " No one knows what the baby is trying to say. The poem, "Jabberwocky," written by Lewis Carroll, uses meaningless speech to either frustrate or amuse the reader. When trying to pronounce the nonsense words in the poem, the sounds of the words come out as gibberish. The sounds are the important element of the poem. Often, people like to hear poets read in languages they cannot understand. A woman leaving a reading by the Polish poet Czeslaw Milosz said she was glad he'd read some of his work in Polish because the language sounded exciting, like horse hooves over cobblestones.    Sometimes a poem can mean little or nothing, yet the stimulus of words alone wins our attention. Some poets can even invent words themselves. Carroll combines two words (portmanteau) into one word to compose those weird sounds and words in the poem. In a unique way the meaningless words combine with recognizable words to create a poem almost comprehensible. The language and sounds allow a reader to reflect back on the concept of how to communicate Carroll's theme of survial of the fittest, and besides the battle between animals, Carroll creates a battle for the reader to understand the language and sounds.    For an animal or reader to survive in Caroll's poem it must kill before being killed, or understand the language before reaching the end. The setting of such survival is the forest, and Caroll's forest is a fantasy land where words are foreign to the reader. "He left it dead, and with its head He went galumphing back," (Carroll, 36) has reference to survival of the fittest. The head becomes the trophy of ... ...tree," (Carroll, 36) describes the actual skill of using a tree for camouflage. The tree is the Dumdum and covers up the hunter's stupidity. Is the Jabberwocky harmless? The forest people could have invented a wise tale about the creature for amusement. What the hunter killed was part imagination and part real; the way Carroll's poem is.    The sounds and nonsense language are important elements of the poem. At the same time, we can use the grammar of the sentence to help us imagine the meanings of the nonsense words. The poem is playful and frustrating at the same time. We might say it "plustrate." Works Cited Carroll, Lewis. "Jabberwocky." The Discovery Of Poetry. 2nd Edition. Ed. Frances Mayes. Orlando: Harcourt Brace & Company, 1987. Hunter, Paul J. Footnote. The Norton Introduction to Poetry. 6th Edition. Chicago: Norton, 1996.